Kidney Cancer
肾癌的治疗是在我们 泌尿系统癌症项目 在上州癌症中心.
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Next Steps
Definition
Kidney cancer is cancer that starts in the kidneys. The kidneys are found just above the waist, on each side of the spine. The kidneys filter blood and make urine. The main types of kidney cancer are:
- Wilms tumor -主要发生在儿童身上
- Renal cell carcinoma—happens in adults; different types are based on where they start
Causes
Cancer is when cells in the body split without control or order. These cells go on to form a growth or tumor. 癌症是指有害的生长. These growths can attack nearby tissues and also 扩散到身体的其他部位. It is not clear exactly what causes this to happen. It is likely a mix of genes and the environment.
Cancer Cell Growth |
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Risk Factors
Kidney cancer is more common in men and people 60 years old or older. Other things that raise the risk are:
- Smoking 以及接触到别人的吸烟
- Obesity
- High blood pressure
- 某些基因改变
- 多吃红肉
- Prior hysterectomy
Symptoms
肾癌的症状可能是:
- 尿中带血。
- Lower back pain
- A lump in the belly
- Weight loss
- Fever
- Signs of anemia 比如感觉疲惫,皮肤苍白, or fast heart rate
Diagnosis
The doctor will ask about symptoms and past health. Blood and urine tests may be done to rule out more common issues like UTI. Images of the kidneys may be taken with:
A growth on the kidney may also be found when taking images for other reasons. Cancer is confirmed with a biopsy. 可疑组织的样本 在实验室里进行测试.
The exam and test results help find out the stage of cancer. Kidney cancer is staged from 1 to 4. 第一阶段是一种非常局部的癌症. Stage 4 is a 扩散到身体的其他部位.
Treatment
Treatment is based on the stage and type of kidney cancer and overall health. More than one treatment may be used.
Some small kidney cancers are slow growing. The doctor may monitor them to see if they 生长需要治疗.
Most kidney cancers are treated with surgery. The goal is to 尽可能多的切除癌细胞. Nearby lymph nodes or other sites with cancer may also be removed. Surgery may be:
- Partial nephrectomy-切除部分肾脏 治疗较小的肿瘤
- Radical nephrectomy-摘除整个肾脏,肾上腺 gland, and nearby fatty tissue and lymph nodes
Surgery can also be used to partially remove tumors that are causing symptoms.
Other treatments for kidney cancer may include:
- Ablation—a procedure that uses heat or cold to destroy the cancer. It may be used for small areas of cancer and for those who cannot have surgery.
- Targeted therapy—drugs that target cancer cells. It may be used:
- Immunotherapy—drugs to help the immune system fight and kill cancer cells. It may be used for cancer that cannot be removed with surgery.
- Chemotherapy—药片或静脉注射的药物 kill cancer cells. It is not very effective against kidney cancer. It may be used if other treatments have not worked or cancer has spread to other organs.
- Radiation therapy—high energy rays to kill cancer cells. 它并不总是用于 kidney cancer. Radiation therapy is most often used to shrink tumors that are causing 比如疼痛或出血.
Prevention
To help lower the risk of kidney cancer:
- Do not smoke. If you do, ask the doctor about help for quitting .
- Reach and keep a healthy weight with:
- Avoid alcohol or limit it to no more than:
References
- General information about renal cell cancer. National Cancer Institute website. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/types/kidney/patient/kidney-treatment-pdq.
- Kidney cancer. 美国癌症协会网站. Available at: http://www.cancer.org/cancer/kidney-cancer.html.
- Renal cell carcinoma. EBSCO DynaMed网站. Available at:http://www.dynamed.com/condition/renal-cell-carcinoma.
- Rini BI, Battle D等. 免疫治疗学会 cancer consensus statement on immunotherapy for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). J Immunother Cancer. 2019;7(1):354.